Wessex Formation (Wealden Group) and Zig Zag Chalk Formation
Depositional environment
Continental fluvial and lagoonal lowlands shifting to a warm, shallow marine setting. The older Wessex Formation represents river floodplains and muddy lagoons, whereas the overlying Zig Zag Chalk formed in a gradually deepening sea with clear, warm waters
Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous): subtropical river-valley complex - a lowland floodplain with networks of rivers, ponds and swamps. Semi-arid climate, vegetation adapted to drought: dispersed conifer trees and xerophytic ferns. Periodic wildfires, evidenced by charred plant remains in the sediment. Zig Zag Chalk Formation (Late Cretaceous): rise in global sea levels submerged the area entirely under a shallow tropical sea, ending local terrestrial deposition. Warm marine conditions, flourishing microscopic algae (coccolithophores); their calcium-rich skeletal remains rained down to form a thick ooze on the seafloor - the source of the white chalk now exposed in the cliffs
Under the harsh Early Cretaceous sun, a broad muddy river winds through a flat expanse of rusty-red earth. Along its banks grow clusters of squat, pine-like conifer trees and tangled ferns, crowding the water’s edge where the ground remains moist. Farther from the river, the soil dries and cracks; shallow lagoons shrink under the heat, and stretches of mudflat are peppered with blackened logs - the ashen relics of brushfires that periodically swept across the savanna-like floodplain. Over millions of years, this peaceful valley slowly gives way to the sea. Warm waves begin lapping at the margins of the land, and the brown clays turn to beach sand as the shoreline advances. By the Late Cretaceous, the entire scene lies beneath tranquil, azure waters. Where once green conifers stood, sunlight now dances through clear seawater above a carbonate sea-floor. Clouds of plankton bloom in the warmth, and as these countless microscopic algae die, their chalky remains drift down like fine snow - blanketing the old landscape in white lime mud. In time the sediment compacts and lithifies, so that long after the sea recedes, brilliant white cliffs stand as a silent testament to Compton Bay’s merged landscape history - red river plains buried under ancient tropical seas, united in stone.